The Essence of Fascism (1941) - Revision history

Santiago Pinault at 22:33, 23 August 2018

2018-08-23T22:33:28Z

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			{{Page \|n°=6}} Union Theological Seminary<br />
			August 4th, 1941

	The term F. covers various things<br />		The term F. covers various things<br />
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	But these institutions turned out to be rooted in the Christian tradition of Western Civilization. The connection was neither simple nor direct, but there it was, nevertheless.		But these institutions turned out to be rooted in the Christian tradition of Western Civilization. The connection was neither simple nor direct, but there it was, nevertheless.

	A <u>radical attack</u> on democracy must be an attack on the religious foundations of democracy.		{{Page \|n°=7}} A <u>radical attack</u> on democracy must be an attack on the religious foundations of democracy.

	Fascism is such an attack.		Fascism is such an attack.
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	== Table of Contents ==		== Table of Contents ==
	A/ <u>The Philosophy of Fascism</u> (as it stands, except for a chapter on<br />		{{Page \|n°=8}} A/ <u>The Philosophy of Fascism</u> (as it stands, except for a chapter on<br />
	<div style="margin-left: 50px;"><u>Italian Fascism</u> (Pareto, Gentile, Mussolini)		<div style="margin-left: 50px;"><u>Italian Fascism</u> (Pareto, Gentile, Mussolini)
	<u>German Synthetics</u> (Spengler) <br />		<u>German Synthetics</u> (Spengler) <br />
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	== Text Informations ==		== Text Informations ==
	'''Reference''': <br />		'''Reference''': <br />
	'''Original Manifestation''': Union Theological Seminary, August 4th, 1941.<br />		'''Original Manifestation''': Union Theological Seminary, August 4th, 1941.<br />
	'''KPA''': 12/07, 6-8<br />		'''KPA''': [[12/07]], 6-8<br />

Santiago Pinault: /* II. The Essence of Fascim */

2018-08-23T22:29:52Z

II. The Essence of Fascim

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	Obviously, it was an <u>essential feature</u> of such a situation that If there should be a crisis, democracy would tend towards <u>socialist</u> solutions, irrespective of the actual moral, intellectual and therefore <u>effective political force</u> at its disposal. The traditional ruling classes had the support of the lower middle classes in withstanding the claims of the working classes to a leadership for which they lacked the power and the programme, and <u>ultimately</u> even the working classes stood aside when the fascists made their bid for power. It is a fast of the utmost importance that the fascist movement succeeded without any serious resistance on the a{ge} (?) of democracy and the more radical the parties had been, the less resistance did they offer. No surer sign of a general spiritual crisis than the self-effacement of the democratic forces in the 1930ies could be imagined.		Obviously, it was an <u>essential feature</u> of such a situation that If there should be a crisis, democracy would tend towards <u>socialist</u> solutions, irrespective of the actual moral, intellectual and therefore <u>effective political force</u> at its disposal. The traditional ruling classes had the support of the lower middle classes in withstanding the claims of the working classes to a leadership for which they lacked the power and the programme, and <u>ultimately</u> even the working classes stood aside when the fascists made their bid for power. It is a fast of the utmost importance that the fascist movement succeeded without any serious resistance on the a{ge} (?) of democracy and the more radical the parties had been, the less resistance did they offer. No surer sign of a general spiritual crisis than the self-effacement of the democratic forces in the 1930ies could be imagined.

	== II. The Essence of ~~Fascim~~ ==		== II. The Essence of Fascism ==

	As a <u>political religion</u> Fascism is directed towards the destruction of the institutions of popular democracy.		As a <u>political religion</u> Fascism is directed towards the destruction of the institutions of popular democracy.
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	Intellectual superiority due to unbiased views on <u>politics</u> and <u>economics</u>. But the F. solutions are degenerative solutions: they solve the problem temporarily at the price of making the, insoluble in the long run.		Intellectual superiority due to unbiased views on <u>politics</u> and <u>economics</u>. But the F. solutions are degenerative solutions: they solve the problem temporarily at the price of making the, insoluble in the long run.

	A great corrective to liberal utopianism, which is responsible for the most outstanding weakness of Marxism. The early works of Marx however are entirely free from the anti-religious bias and are based on a <u>religious anthropology of utmost importance</u>. (Tillich has worked on this subject, though he did not know yet, I believe, the latterly discovered works.) The Marx-Lenin institutes edition [is] very misleading in its although accurate in a superficial sense.		A great corrective to liberal utopianism, which is responsible for the most outstanding weakness of Marxism. The early works of Marx however are entirely free from the anti-religious bias and are based on a <u>religious anthropology of utmost importance</u>. (Tillich has worked on this subject, though he did not know yet, I believe, the latterly discovered works.) The Marx-Lenin institutes edition [is] very misleading in its although accurate in a superficial sense.

	<u>The system:</u><br />		<u>The system:</u><br />

Santiago Pinault at 01:41, 18 August 2017

2017-08-18T01:41:59Z

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	The term F. covers various things<br />		The term F. covers various things<br />
	(a) a movement;<br />		(a) a movement;<br />

Santiago Pinault: /* References */

2017-07-03T16:16:21Z

References

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	How does the historical Fascist situation arise?		How does the historical Fascist situation arise?

	== ~~References~~ ==		== Text Informations ==
	'''Reference''': <br />		'''Reference''': <br />
	'''Original Manifestation''': Union Theological Seminary, August 4th, 1941.<br />		'''Original Manifestation''': Union Theological Seminary, August 4th, 1941.<br />
	'''KPA''': 12/07, 6-8<br />		'''KPA''': 12/07, 6-8<br />

Santiago Pinault: /* Table of Contents */

2017-05-02T19:56:57Z

Table of Contents

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	B/ <u>The Sociology of Fascism</u> (as it is outlined i.e.)		B/ <u>The Sociology of Fascism</u> (as it is outlined i.e.)
	a Theory of the <u>Corporative State</u>		a Theory of the <u>Corporative State</u>
	exclude <u>the</u> sociology of the Fascists a/ Elite		exclude <u>the</u> sociology of the Fascists<br />
	b/ Following from "the sociology Fascism.		<div style="margin-left: 50px;">a/ Elite<br />
			b/ Following from "the sociology Fascism.</div>

	Prove that this ulterior and dependent sociology is determined by the general sociology of fascism. (On the other hand, explain in a positive fashion the constitution of the elite as well as of the following.		Prove that this ulterior and dependent sociology is determined by the general sociology of fascism. (On the other hand, explain in a positive fashion the constitution of the elite as well as of the following.
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	D/ <u>The Politics of Fascism</u><br />		D/ <u>The Politics of Fascism</u><br />
	~~Hos~~ does the historical Fascist situation arise?		How does the historical Fascist situation arise?

	== References ==		== References ==

Santiago Pinault: /* Table of Contents */

2017-05-02T19:55:25Z

Table of Contents

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	A/ <u>The Philosophy of Fascism</u> (as it stands, except for a chapter on<br />		A/ <u>The Philosophy of Fascism</u> (as it stands, except for a chapter on<br />
	<div style="margin-left: 50px;"><u>Italian Fascism</u> (Pareto, Gentile, Mussolini)		<div style="margin-left: 50px;"><u>Italian Fascism</u> (Pareto, Gentile, Mussolini)
	<u>German Synthetics</u> (Spengler)		<u>German Synthetics</u> (Spengler) <br />
	<u>German Faith Movement</u> (Bäumler, Blüher, Bergman, Hauer crew)		<u>German Faith Movement</u> (Bäumler, Blüher, Bergman, Hauer crew)
	<u>Metaphysics</u>, Existentialists, Phenomenologists (Heidegger, etc.)</div>		<u>Metaphysics</u>, Existentialists, Phenomenologists (Heidegger, etc.)</div>

Santiago Pinault: /* Table of Contents */

2017-05-02T19:54:49Z

Table of Contents

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	== Table of Contents ==		== Table of Contents ==
	A/ <u>The Philosophy of Fascism</u> (as it stands, except for a chapter on<br />		A/ <u>The Philosophy of Fascism</u> (as it stands, except for a chapter on<br />
	<div style="margin-left: 50px;"><u>Italian Fascism (Pareto, Gentile, Mussolini)		<div style="margin-left: 50px;"><u>Italian Fascism</u> (Pareto, Gentile, Mussolini)
	<u>German Synthetics</u> (Spengler)		<u>German Synthetics</u> (Spengler)
	<u>German Faith Movement</u> (Bäumler, Blüher, Bergman, Hauer crew)		<u>German Faith Movement</u> (Bäumler, Blüher, Bergman, Hauer crew)
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	B/ <u>The Sociology of Fascism</u> (as it is outlined i.e.)		B/ <u>The Sociology of Fascism</u> (as it is outlined i.e.)
	a Theory of the <u>Corporative State</u>		a Theory of the <u>Corporative State</u>
	exclude the sociology of the Fascists a/ Elite		exclude <u>the</u> sociology of the Fascists a/ Elite
	b/ Following from "the sociology Fascism.		b/ Following from "the sociology Fascism.

Santiago Pinault: /* References */

2017-05-02T19:54:11Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:54, 2 May 2017
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	A non-religious consciousness unable to cope with this situation. For it is unable to fix its aims beyond the changing conditions.		A non-religious consciousness unable to cope with this situation. For it is unable to fix its aims beyond the changing conditions.

			== Table of Contents ==
			A/ <u>The Philosophy of Fascism</u> (as it stands, except for a chapter on<br />
			<div style="margin-left: 50px;"><u>Italian Fascism (Pareto, Gentile, Mussolini)
			<u>German Synthetics</u> (Spengler)
			<u>German Faith Movement</u> (Bäumler, Blüher, Bergman, Hauer crew)
			<u>Metaphysics</u>, Existentialists, Phenomenologists (Heidegger, etc.)</div>

			B/ <u>The Sociology of Fascism</u> (as it is outlined i.e.)
			a Theory of the <u>Corporative State</u>
			exclude the sociology of the Fascists a/ Elite
			b/ Following from "the sociology Fascism.

			Prove that this ulterior and dependent sociology is determined by the general sociology of fascism. (On the other hand, explain in a positive fashion the constitution of the elite as well as of the following.

			C/ <u>The Economics of Fascism</u><br />
			The failure of Liberal Capitalism<br />
			The Problem of Interventionism<br />

			D/ <u>The Politics of Fascism</u><br />
			Hos does the historical Fascist situation arise?

	== References ==		== References ==

Santiago Pinault: /* II. The Essence of Fascim */

2017-05-02T16:04:13Z

II. The Essence of Fascim

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 2 May 2017
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	== II. The Essence of Fascim ==		== II. The Essence of Fascim ==

			As a <u>political religion</u> Fascism is directed towards the destruction of the institutions of popular democracy.

			But these institutions turned out to be rooted in the Christian tradition of Western Civilization. The connection was neither simple nor direct, but there it was, nevertheless.

			A <u>radical attack</u> on democracy must be an attack on the religious foundations of democracy.

			Fascism is such an attack.

			The two correlative concepts are the individual and mankind. A society consisting of <u>individuals</u>; the unity of the human world consisting of <u>mankind</u>.

			Both ideas are basically Christian. On no point does Christian religion differ more widely from other religions than in the assertion of the <u>Soul</u> and of <u>mankind</u>. In its social reference Christianity is the discovery of the <u>individual</u> and of <u>mankind</u>. Fascism as a religious position is an attack on these two. Here you get the essence of F.

			<u>Ethics</u><br />
			In respect to the Ethics of Christianity it is <u>ultimate resignation</u> or Satanistic glorification of evil. The former form is expressed in Dostojewski's <u>Great Inquisitor</u>; the latter in <u>Nietzsche</u>, or <u>Klages</u>.

			<u>Metaphysics</u><br />
			<u>Biocentric</u> as against <u>logocentric</u> values. The naturalism of the pre-spiritual existence.

			But Ludwig Klages philosophy qualified by refusal to return to the cave.

			<u>Science</u><br />
			Intellectual superiority due to unbiased views on <u>politics</u> and <u>economics</u>. But the F. solutions are degenerative solutions: they solve the problem temporarily at the price of making the, insoluble in the long run.

			A great corrective to liberal utopianism, which is responsible for the most outstanding weakness of Marxism. The early works of Marx however are entirely free from the anti-religious bias and are based on a <u>religious anthropology of utmost importance</u>. (Tillich has worked on this subject, though he did not know yet, I believe, the latterly discovered works.) The Marx-Lenin institutes edition [is] very misleading in its although accurate in a superficial sense.

			<u>The system:</u><br />
			The political system abolished; the economic made supreme. World Empire offered as solution, but without any ideas as ti the solution of the <u>national problem</u> and of <u>motive for work</u>.

			A movement fruitful in its destruction but utterly unable to recognise the world.

			A non-religious consciousness unable to cope with this situation. For it is unable to fix its aims beyond the changing conditions.

	== References ==		== References ==

Santiago Pinault at 15:37, 2 May 2017

2017-05-02T15:37:52Z

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	{\|		The term F. covers various things<br />
	~~! Text~~		(a) a movement;<br />
	~~! Archive~~		(b) a social system; and <br />
	\|-		(c) a philosophy of life which inspired the movement and is fulfilled by the system<br />
	\|
	~~\| [[File:Con_12_Fol_07_Lectures_-_United_States_Lecture_Tour_1941_–_Notes,_1941.pdf\|page=6\|600px]]~~
	\|}

	~~[[File~~:~~Con_12_Fol_07_Lectures_~~-~~_United_States_Lecture_Tour_1941_–_Notes~~,~~_1941~~.~~pdf\|page~~=~~6\|600px]]~~		My subject is the philosophy of life.

			== I. Historical Background ==

			The <u>origin of F.</u> must be sought in the deep seated crisis of our industrial civilization with its two main institutions: political democracy and <u>industrial capitalism</u>.

			At a definite point of their development these two came into conflict, notably in Europe. The post-War situation developed into an imminent danger to society as a whole: the danger of a <u>deadlock</u> of the political and economic system. The threat was expressed in the danger of <u>permanent mass unemployment</u> on the one hand; the <u>failure of leadership</u> by the party ridden democratic representative bodies.

			The reasons for such a situation need no keep us here. Many people would put it down to the tension of the classes, and describe the crisis as one of class war. It is more probable that the tension itself resulted from a <u>more general cause</u> underlying the unsatisfactory working of the social system as a whole and closely linked with the very foundations of our industrial civilization.

			In the consciousness of the masses it took the form of an impending crisis resulting from the untenable nature of the situation. The conflict between <u>capitalism</u> - the industrial system based on the private ownership of the means of production - and <u>democracy</u>, a system of representative institutions giving a preponderant influence to the masses of the working people, was the order of the day.

			Obviously, it was an <u>essential feature</u> of such a situation that If there should be a crisis, democracy would tend towards <u>socialist</u> solutions, irrespective of the actual moral, intellectual and therefore <u>effective political force</u> at its disposal. The traditional ruling classes had the support of the lower middle classes in withstanding the claims of the working classes to a leadership for which they lacked the power and the programme, and <u>ultimately</u> even the working classes stood aside when the fascists made their bid for power. It is a fast of the utmost importance that the fascist movement succeeded without any serious resistance on the a{ge} (?) of democracy and the more radical the parties had been, the less resistance did they offer. No surer sign of a general spiritual crisis than the self-effacement of the democratic forces in the 1930ies could be imagined.

			== II. The Essence of Fascim ==

	== References ==		== References ==
	'''Reference''': <br />		'''Reference''': <br />
			'''Original Manifestation''': Union Theological Seminary, August 4th, 1941.<br />
	'''KPA''': 12/07, 6-8<br />		'''KPA''': 12/07, 6-8<br />